Last Rites: Meaning, Purpose, and What to Expect

Last rites, now more commonly called “anointing of the sick,” (also sometimes referred to as “Commendation of the Dying or “final rites”) offer comfort to those nearing death as well as their families. 

The last rites are associated primarily with the Roman Catholic Church, though similar practices exist in other Christian and religious traditions. This article is generally focused on exploring the Catholic understanding of last rites and what they involve.

In Catholicism, last rites typically take place during a person’s final days. The core of this ritual is called Viaticum, a form of Holy Communion given to the dying as “spiritual nourishment” for the journey ahead, accompanied by prayers and sacred ceremonies.

What Are Last Rites?

Last rites are a religious tradition meant to cleanse a person of sin before they pass away. Catholics believe in judgment after death and seek to leave this life with a purified soul. These rites are believed to provide spiritual protection on their journey to the afterlife.

The Three Parts of Last Rites

The term “last rites” or “anointing of the sick” refers to three sacraments:

• Confession (Reconciliation): If able, the person confesses their sins to a priest. While not required, it prepares the soul for final Communion.
• Anointing of the Sick: A priest anoints the person with oil and prays over them. Traditionally reserved for those near death, it is now available to anyone seriously ill or elderly.
• Final Communion (Viaticum): The Eucharist is given as the "food for the journey." If the person cannot travel, a priest brings it to them.

Additionally, there is the Apostolic Pardon, which is not a sacrament but a blessing that grants remission of sins. It’s offered by a priest or by the dying person themselves if they reach the requirements for this particular practice. An Apostolic Pardon is given immediately before dying to remove any punishments for any sins.

What’s the Purpose of Last Rites?

The purpose of last rites is spiritual preparation and peace at the end of life. Catholics may request last rites when facing serious illness, hospice care, or major surgery. These rites:

• Offer forgiveness and reconciliation with God
• Provide comfort to the person and their family
• Affirm the belief in life after death and the hope of heaven

While some associate the rite with physical healing, its primary intent is spiritual healing and readiness.

What Happens If Someone Doesn’t Receive Last Rites?

The Catholic Church teaches that while last rites are a powerful source of grace, not receiving them does not condemn a person.

God’s mercy is believed to extend beyond the sacraments, especially in unexpected circumstances like sudden illness, accidents, or war. If a priest is unavailable:

• Laypeople can offer prayers and blessings
• The Church continues to pray for the souls of the deceased
• A person’s lifelong faith, repentance, and intentions are recognized in the eyes of God

How to Arrange Last Rites

If a loved one is seriously ill, contact a local Catholic church, hospice, or hospital chaplain to request last rites. In emergencies, priests prioritize visits to those in immediate danger of death. Many hospitals have chaplains available 24/7 to perform these rites or contact local priests when needed.

People of other religions should also be aware that hospice and hospital chaplains have diverse community connections that can attend to the dying if there are special spiritual needs they cannot meet themselves. Even those without a religion can talk with a chaplain at the end of life.

Who Can Receive and Perform Last Rites?

Any baptized Catholic can receive the last rites. A priest must administer the sacraments of confession, anointing of the sick, and final Communion. In extraordinary cases, a deacon or layperson may offer prayers, though they cannot administer sacraments

Final Thoughts on Last Rites

Last rites hold deep significance in Catholicism, offering spiritual preparation for death. They provide comfort to the dying and reassurance to loved ones. While receiving these rites is ideal, the Church teaches that sincere repentance and God’s mercy are always available.

By creating an end-of-life plan, you can ensure that your religious preferences are honored as well as the many other things that may matter to you. An important part of planning is sharing those final wishes with close friends or family members. The process of planning can bring peace of mind.